Abstract 1

Chapter 1 Introduction(Selim Choi) 11
1. Background 11
2. Objective and Organization of This Study 18

Chapter 2 Motherhood and the Labor Market Penalty:
Discussion on Perceptional Change(Yoon Jae Ro) 20
1. Introduction 20
2. Data 22
3. Empirical Methodology 26
3.1. Event-study Specifications 26
3.2. Heterogeneity 27
4. Main Results 27
4.1. Impacts on the Labor Market Outcomes of Mothers 27
4.2. Impacts on the Labor Market Outcomes of Fathers 30
4.3. Heterogeneity and Mechanism 32
5. Conclusions 40

Chapter 3 Effect of Increased Demand for Childcare Time on Parents’ Allocation of Working Hours(Selim Choi) 44
1. Introduction 44
2. Literature 46
3. Background - Childcare System in Korea 49
4. Data 53
4.1. Data Description 53
4.2. Summary Statistics 54
Work Together ii and Care Together?
5. Estimation Method 57
6. Results 60
7. Conclusions 67

Chapter 4 Mothers’ Selection into Work in South Korea(Seonho Shin) 69
1. Introduction 69
2. Theoretical Framework 74
3. Econometric Method 79
3.1. Two-step Estimator of Heckman(1979) 79
3.2. Three-step Estimator of Arellano and Bonhomme (2017) 83
4. Data 84
5. Estimation Results 86
5.1. Overall Selection Patterns 86
5.2. Children’s Age and Selection 87
5.3. Location-specific Selection 91
6. Conclusions 94

Chapter 5 Conclusions(Selim Choi, Seonho Shin, Yoo Jae Ro) 97
1. Summary of Findings 97
2. Policy Implications 100

References 104